Net Operating Loss (NOL) Rules for 2026
A bad year in business does not have to be a wasted year for tax purposes. When your deductions exceed your income, the shortfall becomes a Net Operating Loss (NOL) that can shelter income in later years. The rules changed substantially in 2018, changed again temporarily during the pandemic, and were tightened once more in 2025. This guide walks through what an NOL is, how much of it you can actually use each year, the new IRS form you need, and the California rules that differ from federal law. What counts as an NOL An NOL is not simply "my business lost money." It is computed on your entire return after removing items that do not belong in the calculation. For an individual, start with negative taxable income and add back: the standard deduction or itemized deductions to the extent they exceed non-business income (personal deductions cannot create a business loss); capital losses in excess of capital gains; the Qualified Business Income deduction under §199A; and a...